Expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 ion channel protein in human odontoblasts / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) ion channel protein in human odontoblasts (OD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty intact and healthy third molars extracted for orthodontic purpose were included. The quality of dental tissue sections was determined through HE staining, and the OD layer was further determined by dentin sialophosphoproteins (DSPP) antibody staining, and finally the expression of TRPV3 ion channel protein in human dental pulp tissue was examined by TRPV3 ion channel protein-specific antibody. The expression of TRPV3 channel proteins in human OD at different part of dental pulp was compared using Image Pro Plus (IPP) and SPSS software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>TRPV3 channel protein expressed on the cell body of OD in the coronal and root pulp, and the expression in the coronal pulp was significantly higher than that in the root pulp. The TRPV3 protein also expressed at the odontoblastic process, with the higher expression in the crown (IA = 2516 ± 162) than in the root (IA = 2224 ± 150) and external root (IA = 2121 ± 92) (P < 0.05), but the expression between the lateral root area and external root area was not significantly different (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Human odonoblasts expressed TRPV3 ion channel protein and the expression level was different at different part of dental pulp OD.</p>

Oral health in China--trends and challenges / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

For a long time, oral disease is one of the major problems of the public health for its high prevalence and incidence throughout the world, which is especially true for low-income populations. Since China's economic reform in 1978, great changes have taken place in China. These changes have significant impact on and have been reflected in oral disease trends in China. This paper provides an overview and assessment of the oral health status in China. It focuses on changes in the nation's demographic profile, in the marketplace, the oral disease status and trends. The paper also suggests some possible measures and strategies for bettering oral health in future China.

Cross-sectional study of dentine hypersensitivity in smaller cities and rural area in Sichuan province / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of dentine hypersensitivity in smaller cities and rural area in Sichuan province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The examinee aged 20 - 69 years old were interviewed and divided into five age groups (20 - 29, 30 - 39, 40 - 49, 50 - 59 and 60 - 69). The random sampling methods were performed in this study. A total of eight spots were survied, including 4 communities and 4 spots in rural area of Sichuan province. The information about the examinee's age, gender, occupation, education level, tooth brushing methods, the frequencies of eating fresh fruits and fruit juices and so on, were asked and recorded. All subjects were further diagnosed by a blast of air from a triple syringe connected to an air compressor at a pressure of 4 atm under room temperature of about 19 - 24°C.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The premolars were the most commonly affected, followed by the first molar. The exposed root surface was the most commonly affected position [63.87% (663/1038)]. The first premolar had the greatest number of teeth with dentine hypersensitivity [29.96% (311/1038)]. Different tooth had different sensitive position. Female, too much time of using a tooth brush, and hydrochloric acid in gastric juice were risk factors for dentine hypersensitivity (OR value = 2.175, 1.157, 1.760).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Dentine hypersensitivity is influenced by multiple factors. Prevention and treatment need be performed by improving general oral health and periodontal conditions.</p>

Epidemiological survey of dentine hypersensitivity of 630 adults in rural of Sichuan province / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prevalence and potential risk factors of dentine hypersensitivity of adults in rural of Sichuan province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All representative samples, including 630 adults living in rural of Sichuan Province, were selected by multi-stage, stratified and random sampling. The dentine hypersensitivity of all 630 cases was surveyed with questionnaire and oral clinical examination. SPSS 18.0 software was used for statistical analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>27.9% of all subjects were suffered from dentine hypersensitivity, sour was the most common stimulus of dentine hypersensitivity. The first premolar was the most common tooth with dentine hypersensitive, which occupied 27.4% of the total affected teeth. Female, acid regurgitation symptom, low frequency of toothbrush replacement (over 3 months), high tooth-brushing force and frequency of fresh fruits consumption (over 2 times per week) probably were high risk factors of dentine hypersensitivity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity occurs in rural of Sichuan province is high, thus for future the publicity and education on dentine hypersensitivity preventive should be strengthened.</p>

A national survey on dentin hypersensitivity in Chinese urban adults / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prevalence of dentin hypersensitivity in Chinese urban adults aged between 20 - 69 years old and the factors related to dentin hypersensitivity.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The Chinese national survey on dentin hypersensitivity was conducted in 20 - 69 years old adults in six representative cities, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Chengdu, and Xi'an in 2008. A multi-stage stratified randomizing sampling method was used. Subjects were recruited from 36 urban survey sites in 6 cities. A structured questionnaire and a clinical examination on dentin hypersensitivity were used in the survey. The dentin hypersensitivity was diagnosed by a subject self-perceived short, sharp pain in response to a blast of cold air from a triple syringe administered to a tooth surface in 1 cm.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In total, 7939 twenty to sixty-nine years old subjects completed a structured interview and underwent a clinical examination on dentin hypersensitivity. Among them, 40.7% (3230/7939) of the subjects reported being suffered from teeth sensitivity. When confirmed using a blast of air from a triple syringe and by ruling out other causes of sensitivity, such as caries, the prevalence was 29.7% (2354/7939), and the mean number of sensitive teeth was 1.4. The highest prevalence of dentin hypersensitivity [39.1% (622/1592)] was found in 50 - 59 years old group. The commonest teeth affected were the premolar teeth and the commonest initiating factor was cold drinks. Female, low education level, with gingival recession, attachment loss, and with the history of acidic substances derived from the stomach was related to dentin hypersensitivity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Dentin hypersensitivity was common in 20 - 69 years old Chinese urban adults. Dental professionals should give further emphasis to it.</p>

Detection and monitoring of enamel early caries in vivo using red fluorescence analysis by quantitative light-induced fluorescence method / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the capability of red fluorescence analysis using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) methods, comparing with green fluorescence analysis, for detection and monitor of enamel early carious lesions on smooth surfaces.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>96 students with early enamel carious lesions were required to perform supervised tooth brushing with 0.145% F- dentifrice for six months. QLF images were taken from smooth surfaces of erupted maxillary anterior teeth at baseline and six months later. Both red fluorescence and green fluorescence analysis of carious lesions were carried out. QLF metrics including the areas of lesions (Ar, Aw), average fluorescence (deltaR, deltaF), total fluorescence (R, deltaQ) were exported.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Pearson correlation coefficients between variables of red and green fluorescence were 0.89 (Ar vs Aw), 0.54(deltaR vs deltaF) and 0.72 (lgR vs lgdeltaQ). Significant decreases were exhibited by all the quantitative variables at sixth month compared to those at baseline (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Red fluorescence analysis using QLF system could quantify the mineral content and monitor the recovery of carious lesions. It could be used to evaluate methods for prevention and cure of caries.</p>

Correlation between Streptococcus mutans level in saliva and caries status in children / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the distribution pattern of salivary Streptococcus mutans (Sm) level in children and its association with caries status.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Three hundred and sixty-five 11- 12-year-old children participated in this study. Scores of decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) for the permanent dentition were recorded. Salivary Sm concentrations were determined by species-specific monoclonal antibodies.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Caries-affected children harbored more Sm in saliva [5.53 (1.50, 18.00) x 10(7)/L] than their caries-free counterparts [3.42 (1.60, 8.10) x 10(7)/L] (P = 0.002). Salivary Sm concentration tended to rise with the increase of DMFT score. Spearman's correlation coefficient for Sm concentration was 0.136 (P = 0.010). When salivary Sm concentration reached 8.64 x 10(7)/L, children's caries experience doubled.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Salivary Sm level has a skewed distribution among the children studied and associates positively with caries presence. Determination of salivary Sm levels could be used to predict children's caries status.</p>

Epidemiological survey of dentine hypersensitivity of young people in Chengdu City / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of dentine hypersensitivity of young people in Chengdu city.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The dentine hypersensitivity of 741 cases aged 18-35 living in Chengdu city were surveyed with questionnaire and oral examination by random collection during June to July in 2008. The relative risk factors to dentine hypersensitivity were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>128 cases (17.27%) were diagnosed as dentine hypersensitivity. The prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity was higher among female than male (P<0.01). Cold was the most common stimulus for dentine hypersensitivity (62.80%). The most common affected tooth was the right maxillary first premolar (15.51%). Acid regurgitation, carbonated beverage, hard toothbrush type and heavy toothbrushing force were risk factors to dentine hypersensitivity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity of Chengdu city's young people is widespread. Acid and incorrect toothbrushing methods can cause dentine hypersensitivity. The correct protective measure to dentine hypersensitivity should be publicized.</p>

Prevalence of tooth erosion of 5-year-old and 12-year-old children in Xuzhou city / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prevalence of tooth erosion of Xuzhou city's children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The stratified, cluster and random sampling methods were performed. The prevalence of tooth erosion of 1,219 5-year-old children and 786 12-year-old children in Xuzhou city were examined by one qualified dentist. The results of clinical examination were recorded by schedule table. The risk factors of tooth erosion were investigated by questionnaire and analyzed by Logistic regression model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 5-year-old children group, the prevalence of tooth erosion was 10.91%. In 12-year-old children group, the prevalence of tooth erosion was 22.14%. The ranking of tooth erosion were mostly class 1 and class 2. The tooth erosions of class 3 and above were rare. The odds rations for tooth erosion were: Acidic fruits, 1.120; acidophilous milk, 1.062; sport drinks, 1.159; carbonated drinks, 1.151; fruit juice, 1.187; drinking acidic drinks or acidophilous milk before sleeping, 6.102; gastroesophageal reflux disease, 2.311; vitamin C, 1.565; supply chalybeate, 1.598.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of tooth erosions in Xuzhou is extensive. Oral health education and drink and food guidance should be strengthened. The amount and frequency of intake of acidic food and drink should be reduced to promote oral health.</p>

Prevalence of deciduous tooth caries in 780 children aged 5 years / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of this survey was to obtain some information about the prevalence of deciduous tooth caries of 5-year-old children in Sichuan province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Based on World Health Organization and national oral health survey standards, dental caries prevalence and treatment needs were investigated randomly in selected children of Sichuan province in 2005. And the differences between this survey result and the dental caries prevalence of 5-year-old children of Sichuan province in 1995 were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence rate of deciduous tooth caries of 5-year-old children in Sichuan province was 58.72%. The mean number of dmft of 5-year-old was 2.77. The filling rate was only 2.32%. The prevalence rate and mean dmft of deciduous tooth caries showed no significant difference between different area and gender; but the children came from city showed significant higher filling rate than those from countryside, so did the female children compared with the male children. Compared these results with the dental caries of 5-year-old children in Sichuan province in 1995, the prevalence rate and mean dmft of deciduous tooth caries in Sichuan province in 2005 had no significant difference, but the filling rate decreased significantly.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The deciduous tooth caries prevalence rate of 5-year-old children is still relatively high in Sichuan province; there remains a proportion of active untreated decays. The dental health care education to the parents and teachers should be emphasized. In order to get the earlier diagnosis and treatment, regular examination and prevention method should be conducted.</p>

Detection and prevention of early caries after fluoride dentifrice application using quantitative light-induced fluorescence in vivo / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the capability of quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) for monitoring the remineralization of lesions lengthways and distinguishing the effect of different fluorides.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Following baseline early caries examination, 305 school students (age from 11 to 14 years old)were qualified from Chengdu area. The schools in which the subjects studied were randomized into three groups: NaF group, MFP group and nonfluoride group. The subjects of three groups brushed the teeth with 1450 mg/L sodium fluoride dentifrice, 1450 mg/L sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice and non-fluoride dentifrice, respectively. QLF images of early lesions on smooth surfaces of the maxillary anterior teeth were taken at baseline, three and six months after the initiation of experiment. These images were analyzed by the trained examiner with the area of lesion (Area), fluorescence loss (deltaF) and gross fluorescence loss quantity (deltaQ).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>296 school students completed the study. After three months, the lesions on smooth surfaces got better in all three groups. The change of Area, deltaF and lg deltaQ amongst three groups had no statistical significance (P>0.05). After six months, the lesions on smooth surfaces also got better in all three groups than at baseline. The change of Area, deltaF and lg deltaQ of the lesions in NaF group and MFP group exhibited significant decreases than that of no-fluoride dentifrice group (P<0.05). But no significantly difference was found between NaF group and MFP group (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>As a diagnostic method which could quantify the miner content, QLF system has the capability of monitoring the variations of lesions lengthways.</p>

Effect of ozone on the remineralization of enamel in vitro / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of ozone on remineralization of enamel in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Caries-like lesions were prepared in the enamel of extracted cattle incisors with demineralizing solution. The specimens were treated with deionized water, 1000 mg/kg fluoride, 4.5 mg/L ozone, and pH-cycled. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the surface of enamel specimens. The effect of remineralization was assessed by three lesion parameters (fluorescent area, total and average fluorescence), which were measured with confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The data were collected and analyzed by SNK test in ANOVA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>SEM observation showed that the surface morphology of the deionized water group and ozone group were similar: porous and atactic; but the surface morphology of fluoride group was smooth and the aperture became smaller. The three parameters in the three groups were as follows, respectively. Delta A were (0.31 +/- 0.28), (1.73 +/- 0.63) and (0.28 +/- 0.19) x 10(4) microm2, Delta TF were (0.42 +/- 0.34), (2.53 +/- 0.73) and (0.48 +/- 0.27) x 10(5), Delta AF were (3.35 +/- 2.55), (46.51 +/- 16.64) and (4.95 +/- 3.05). The fluoride group was significantly greater than deionized water group and ozone group (P < 0.05); but there was no significant difference between the deionized water group and ozone group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The results of this in vitro study suggest that ozone has no effect on remineralization of enamel blocks.</p>

Establishment of malodor model and its effects on identifying the halitosis-related bacteria / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a salivary sediment malodor system, and to evaluate the effect of several kinds of bacteria dedicated to the halitosis formation, hence to identify halitosis-correlated bacteria.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The proportion of the supernatant and sediment, gained from centrifugal whole saliva, was adjusted to establish a salivary sediment malodor system incubated in facultative aerobic environment under 37 degrees C for 7 hours. The halitosis indexes in both gaseous phase and liquid phase were checked by direct sniffing, and volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) and pH were determined by halimeter and glass electrode respectively between hours to evaluate the malodor formation. The suspended fluid of suspicious halitosis-correlated bacteria and non-halitosis-correlated bacteria and water control were introduced into the salivary sediment system incubated for 1 hour. The five groups were incubated in facultative aerobic environment under 37 degrees C in the residual hours. The halitosis indexes, VSCs and pH changes were recorded between hours.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The salivary sediment malodor system can simulate the metabolism of halitosis formation to produce halitosis. The odors of the suspicious halitosis-correlated bacteria introduced groups were higher than the non-halitosis-correlated bacteria and water control group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>With its simple but fundamental manipulations, incubated whole saliva is a powerful model for study of the metabolism of the oral mixed microbial flora, malodor formation, and other oral diseases-related processes.</p>

Comparison between the effectiveness of two oral health education program for middle-school students / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the effectiveness of two oral health education program among middle-school students on improving oral health status.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Three middle schools randomly chosen from the urban district of Deyang city were divided into three groups: teacher-based group (Group T), parents-based group (Group P), and the control group (Group C). Oral health education sessions were conducted for teachers (Group T) and parents (Group P) of these children. Students obtained oral health knowledge through their teachers (Group T) or their parents (Group P), brushed their teeth twice daily. No oral health education session was carried out in the control group. The effectiveness of oral health status in three groups were compared after 3 months.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The debris index (DI), calculus index (CI) and gingival index (GI) of group T obviously decreased after 3 months (P < 0.05). The decreasing of DI and CI of group P were not significant, and the GI of group P obviously increased after 3 months (P < 0.05). Compared with group P and group C, DI, CI, and GI of group T were statistically lower (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compared with parents-based oral health education, teacher-based oral health education has a better effect on improvement of the oral health status among middle-school students.</p>

Clinical study of use of laser fluorescence for detecting occlusal caries in deciduous teeth / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the distribution of DIAGNOdent value according to varying clinical caries severity.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 541 deciduous molar teeth in children aged from 5 to 6 were examined using DIAGNOdent by one trained dentist. The most severity site in every tooth was recorded. The same sites were examined visually by another dentist. The distribution regular of DIAGNOdent value was analyzed according to the clinical severity score by Ekstrand index.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The higher the visual score, the higher the mean DIAGNOdent value. The variation of values in each visual category was larger than that of values recommended by manufacturers. When clinical severity score was 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4, the median of DIAGNOdent value was 0, 5, 19, 49 and 99 respectively. The mean value for sound surfaces was lower in primary teeth than the cut-off points recommended by manufacturers, but the value of DIAGNOdent was increased obviously when the transparency change of enamel was detected visually.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>DIAGNOdent is useful in detecting occlusal caries in deciduous teeth, but the cut-off levels is not coinciding perfectly with manufacturer suggesting.</p>

Clinical observation of toothpaste containing zanthoxylum nitidum extract on dental plaque and gingivitis / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the clinical efficacy of drug toothpaste containing 2% Zanthoxylum Nitidum extract in reducing accumulation of dental plaque and occurrence of gingivitis in adults.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Adopting double-blind, stratified and parallel design, the status of dental plaque and gingivitis in 200 healthy adults enrolled in the trial (100 in the treated group took the drug toothpaste to clean teeth, and 100 in the control group use common toothpaste instead) were assessed at before experiment, 3 months and 6 months after experiment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At the end of the 3rd month and the 6th month, as compared with the control group, the L e-Silness Gingival Index (GI) in the treated group was decreased by 9.1% (P > 0.05) and 13.9 % (P< 0.5), in the same period, the Quigley-Hein(Turesky Modification) Plaque Index (PlI) decreased by 18.7% and 22.6% (P<0.05), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Toothpaste containing Zanthoxylum Nitidum extract can obviously decrease the incidence of dental plaque and enhance gingival health.</p>

Oral health knowledge, attitude and behavior in adults of Deyang city, PR China / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the oral health knowledge, attitudes and behavior of urban, rural and suburban adults in Deyang, PR China, and analyze the influence of several variables on the utilization of dental services.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>1010 adults with 35-44 years old from urban, rural and suburban areas were interviewed by Questionnaire for Adults, WHO Integrated Package for Basic Oral Care.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>More than half of the surveyed adults claimed "having pain of mouth during the last 1 year". More urban adults (61.3%) used fluoridate toothpaste than suburban and rural adults (6.9%, 16.8%). 61.0% and 71.5% of rural and suburban adults had never seen a dentist, compared with 32.0% of urban adults. Logistic regression analysis showed that urban adults having pain in mouth during the last year were more likely to visit a dentist in the last 2 years.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Although the oral health attitude is good among the people in Deyang, the knowledge is poor. Dental service utilization was not enough and the situation was also worse for rural adults.</p>

Atraumatic restorative treatment restorations placed in school children / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the long effect of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) restorations in a school environment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Five middle-level dentists placed 294 ART restorations in the permanent teeth of 197 children. Standard instruments and procedures for ART were used. The restorative material used was a high-strength glass-ionomer. The restorations were evaluated annually by the same examiner who was not involved in the placement of the restorations. Occlusal wear of the restoration was assessed using a standard rheinberger scale. At the 5th year examination an independent external examiner evaluated the restorations using USPHS criteria.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The cumulative survival rates of small class I restorations in the sixth year it was 75%. The corresponding figures for large class I restorations were 61% (P < 0.05). The net wear rate for both the small and large class I restorations in the first year was about 48 microm, which was significantly higher than those of the later years, which were about 20 - 25 micro m (P < 0.05). In the fifth year 93% of the small restorations were assessed as being satisfactory for marginal integrity, as against 80% for the large ones by using USPHS criteria.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The ART approach for treating tooth decay in school children was appropriate, effective and acceptable. The 6-year survival rates of the restorations are high but are related to the size and type of the restoration.</p>